icelandic是什么意思（iceland）

本篇文章给大家谈谈iceland，以及icelandic是什么意思对应的知识点，希望对各位有所帮助，不要忘了收藏本站喔。

本文目录一览：

• 1、冰岛 英文简介
• 2、冰岛这个国家一共有多少人？
• 3、iceland中文是什么意思
• 4、iceland是哪个国家
• 5、冰岛的首都是？
• 6、冰岛是哪里？

冰岛 英文简介

Iceland (Icelandic, Ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country’s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi).

II LAND AND RESOURCES

In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breiðafjörður (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest.

Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnajökull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous small lakes and swift-flowing rivers.

Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island’s main town, Vestmannaeyjar.

Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and industrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs.

A Climate

Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic during much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland’s interior mountains receive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year.

B Plants and Animals

The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introduced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of duck. The eider duck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland’s freshwater rivers and lakes.

III POPULATION

The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi).

A Political Divisions and Principal Cities

Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfjörður (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast.

B Religion and Language

The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a small minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature.

C Education

Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the adult population. Education is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher education is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools.

The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson.

IV ECONOMY

Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major industries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further industrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate decreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland’s gross domestic product was $8.5 billion.

A Agriculture

Only 9 percent of Iceland’s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy products, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are produced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses.

B Fishing

Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic industries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food products, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland’s exports. Iceland is a leading producer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland’s commercial fish population.

C Mining

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite.

D Manufacturing

Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal products are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book production is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants producing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland’s energy resources.

E Energy

Hydroelectric installations produce 85 percent of Iceland’s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations.

F Currency and Banking

The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introduced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks.

G Foreign Trade

The yearly value of Iceland’s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country’s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country’s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan.

H Transportation and Communications

Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufjörður. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service.

There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants.

V GOVERNMENT

Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own except for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base.

A Executive

The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country’s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power.

B Legislature

The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections.

C Political Parties

The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People’s Alliance, the People’s Party, and the Alliance of Women’s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.

冰岛这个国家一共有多少人？

冰岛共和国（冰岛语：Lýðveldið Ísland），简称冰岛，是北大西洋中的一个岛国。位于大西洋和北冰洋的交汇处，北欧五国之一，国土面积为10.3万平方千米，人口约为34万，是欧洲人口密度最小的国家。首都是雷克雅未克，也是冰岛的最大城市，首都附近的西南地区人口占全国的2/3。 [1]

冰岛地处大西洋中脊上，是一个多火山、地质活动频繁的国家。内陆主要是平原地貌，境内多分布沙质地、冷却的熔岩平原和冰川。冰岛虽然位于北极圈边缘，但受北大西洋暖流影响气候适宜。

根据《殖民之书》的记述，欧洲定居者的历史最早可追溯至公元874年，维京人殷格·亚纳逊一行是冰岛最早的永久定居者，其他更早的定居者仅在冰岛过冬。其后的几个世纪，斯堪的纳维亚人在冰岛定居，他们也带来了盖尔人奴隶。1262-1918年冰岛成为了挪威的一部分，之后属丹麦王室治下。1918年冰岛宣布独立并在1944年成立共和国。

冰岛是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，国民拥有国家提供的健康保险和高等教育等北欧福利系统。2014年冰岛位于联合国人类发展指数的第13位。冰岛是北大西洋公约组织成员国中，人口最少并且是唯一没有常备军队的国家，仅有海岸警备队承担国防任务。2019年2月，2018年全球幸福指数出炉，冰岛排名第四。 [2]

中文名

冰岛共和国

外文名

The Republic of Iceland

简    称

冰岛

所属洲

欧洲

首    都

雷克雅未克

主要城市

阿克雷里，哈夫纳夫约杜尔等

国庆日

1944年6月17日

国    歌

《千年颂》

国家代码

ISL

官方语言

冰岛语

货    币

冰岛克朗

时    区

UTC

政治体制

议会制共和制

国家领袖

古德尼·约翰内松(总统)、卡特琳·雅各布斯多蒂尔(总理)

人口数量

36.67 万(2020年7月) [3]

人口密度

3.4 人/平方公里(2020年) [12]

主要民族

冰岛人

主要宗教

路德宗(基督教)

国土面积

103000 km² [3]

水域率

2.7%

GDP总计

230 亿美元(2020年) [3]

人均GDP

67240 美元 [3]

国际电话区号

354

国际域名缩写

.is

道路通行

靠右行驶

国    鸟

海鹦

国    花

三色堇

独立日

12月1日（1918年）

最大城市

雷克雅未克

主要学府

冰岛大学

874年，维京人殷格·亚纳逊带领一行人定居冰岛。

斯堪的纳维亚人和凯尔特人在9-10世纪间移民到冰岛之前，冰岛是除新西兰以外世界上最后一个无人居住的大岛。

930年建立了世界上最早的议会（冰岛语：Alþingi）并成立了冰岛自由邦，虽然这一议会此后并未运行多久。某些文字证据显示，爱尔兰人的僧侣曾经在北方人到达之前在冰岛生活过，不过没有考古学上的证据证明这一推断。冰岛保持了300年的独立。

经过一段时期的内乱后，冰岛于13世纪加入了挪威的统治。1397年卡尔马联盟的建立统一了挪威、丹麦和瑞典王国。因此，冰岛跟随挪威加入了该联盟，并在1523年瑞典脱离该联盟后接受丹麦的统治。对于丹麦，冰岛是一个遥远的半殖民地领土，丹麦在冰岛的机构和基础设施缺乏。 [4]

大约在16世纪中叶，作为新教改革的一部分，丹麦国王克里斯蒂安三世开始将路德教强加给他的所有臣民。最后一位天主教主教Jón Arason和他的两个儿子于1550年被斩首。从此，在冰岛，路德教一直是占主导地位的宗教。 [4]

在17和18世纪，丹麦对冰岛实施了严格的贸易限制。而包括火山爆发和疾病在内的自然灾害导致人口减少，包括巴巴里海岸在内的几个国家的海盗袭击了它的沿海定居点，绑架人们成为奴隶。18世纪的一场天花大流行杀死了大约三分之一的人。1783年，拉基火山爆发，造成了毁灭性的影响。在爆发后的几年里，人们称之为“雾难”（英文：The Mist Hardships冰岛语：Móðuharðindin）。超过一半的牲畜死亡，大约四分之一的人口死于随后的饥荒。 [4]

在18世纪中叶，冰岛也受到了启蒙思想的影响，产生了埃格特·奥拉夫森、比亚尼·帕尔森与斯韦恩·帕尔森等科学先驱。1786年，在斯库里·马格努森创办的羊毛产业支持下，雷克雅未克建市。

拿破仑战争期间，由于丹麦加入法国一方，英国海军便封锁了冰岛的航路，查扣往来船只，使冰岛再次穷困。在法国大革命和拿破仑战争之后，冰岛的独立斗争形成。 [4]  1814年丹麦-挪威联合王国根据基尔协议（treaty of Kiel）分治之前，冰岛是挪威国王的殖民地，此后成为丹麦的附属国。1874年，丹麦政府给予冰岛有限的自治，1918年，丹麦与冰岛签订联合法案，丹麦承认冰岛王国为丹麦王国附属的主权国。自此，冰岛在内政方面进一步获得了类似于保护国的独立和主权，外交和国防方面丹麦仍保留权力。

1940年，纳粹德国在二战期间占领丹麦，冰岛议会宣布冰岛政府从丹麦国王收回冰岛外交及其它事务的权力。同年英国占领了中立的冰岛，次年美军接替英国军驻守冰岛。丹麦国王继续保持法律上的统治。

1944年冰岛共和国建立。新的共和国是北约的成员国，并于1949年和美国签订了防卫冰岛的协议。根据这一协议，美国在基夫拉维克设有军事基地，一直到2006年9月底美军单方面撤出。到目前为止冰岛还没有自己的军队。

战后几十年来，冰岛的经济依赖于渔业，并因为这一资源和周边国家发生过数次冲突，其中包括和英国著名的“鳕鱼战争”。近年，因为大量投资重工业，冰岛经济逐渐多样化，炼铝业发展起来，经济不断自由化和私有化。2008年冰岛发生了金融危机，并引发了一系列政治运动和变动。冰岛通过EEA成为了欧洲经济区的成员，但未加入欧盟。2009年7月17日，冰岛政府向欧盟轮值主席国瑞典和位于比利时首都布鲁塞尔的欧盟委员会正式申请加入欧盟，但已暂停了加入欧盟的谈判。

iceland中文是什么意思

Iceland

英 ['aɪslənd] 美 ['aɪslənd]

n.

冰岛（欧洲岛名，在大西洋北部，近北极圈）

iceland是哪个国家

iceland是指冰岛共和国。

冰岛共和国（英语：TheRepublicofIceland），简称冰岛，是北大西洋中的一个岛国。位于大西洋和北冰洋的交汇处，北欧五国之一，国土面积为10.3万平方千米。

冰岛有100多座火山，华纳达尔斯赫努克火山为全国最高峰，海拔2119米。冰岛几乎整个国家都建立在火山岩石上，大部分土地不能开垦，1963年至1967年在西南岸的火山活动形成了一个约2.1km²的小岛。另外，冰岛是世界温泉最多的国家，所以被称为“冰火之国”。

冰岛的首都是？

冰岛共和国（英语：The Republic of Iceland）是北大西洋中的一个岛国，代码IS，简称冰岛，位于格陵兰岛和英国中间，首都雷克雅未克。地理概念上，冰岛经常被视为是北欧五国的一份子。今日的冰岛已是一个高度发展的发达国家，拥有世界排名第五的人均国内生产总值，以及世界排名第一的人类发展指数。 首都：雷克雅未克 地处高纬，南部属于温带海洋性气候，北部属于苔原气候。 深受北大西洋暖流影响，主要从其南面流过，并有一支绕行于它的西面和北面。所以虽然地处北极圈附近，冬季气温并不低，夏季气温全岛在7至12℃之间。 处于冰岛低压中心附近，天气多变。气旋给冰岛带来丰沛的降水，西南部和西部年均降水量在1000至2000毫米之间，北部和东北部较少，为400至600毫米。无论什么季节，都有可能下雨和下雪。

冰岛是哪里？

冰岛意为“冰冻的陆地”，位于格陵兰岛和挪威中间，靠近北极圈，为欧洲第二大岛。冰岛不但寒冷多雪，还是世界上火山活动最活跃的地区。因此，冰岛又被人们称为“冰与火共存的海岛”。

冰岛是世界上温泉最多的国家，所以被称为冰火之国。大自然的伟大力量在冰岛上呈现出温柔的模样，你在这个岛上可以领略多种地理景观，如冰川、热泉、间歇泉、活火山、冰帽、苔原、冰原、雪峰、火山岩荒漠及瀑布等。

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